The load is then divided by the average solar sun hours to determine the amount of power required by the solar to feed the grid and offset the electric usage. This sizing typically considers the complete load of the system as an average. Grid-tied solar power systems still use an average to determine factors for sizing the system. Most off-the-shelf systems are sized for only 8-10 hours and will not correctly operate in the winter months. Since the power is primarily used at night, using the worst case will provide a reliable system and can vary from 15 hours or more in northern areas and down to about 13.5 in most southern regions. The longest night of the year is also used to determine the worst-case operation of the lights or power application. For example, off-grid systems use December as their determining factor when properly sizing up a system however, sometimes January can have lower available sun and should be used, but January is rare. The information provided is for peak available sun in a specific time (typically shown as a yearly overview calendar with an average). However, most off-grid solar lighting and power systems manufacturers use the standard of 45 degrees of tilt for mounting solar power assemblies. Adjusting factors such as panel tilt and direction to find the optimum solar insolation in a specific area is then added to the calculation. Solar contractors and manufacturers can use this and programs such as RETScreen to do the final analysis for determining the available sun.
NREL – National Renewable Energy Laboratory determines the sun hours available. Even locations that are relatively close together can have very different sun hours because of variations due to weather patterns, mountains, deserts, and so much more. For example, some northern areas can only have a couple of solar sun hours available in the winter, whereas more southern sites can have four to five sun hours. The amount of sun in a location can vary greatly. The data collected at each site will provide you with the averages of every month, and using December as the worst-case scenario is critical for off-grid solar system sizing. Therefore, the amount of sun that hits a panel at 10 am is very different than at solar noon and later at 2 pm.
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The first thought would state that the sun is up for 10 or so hours per day however, full sun power is used to determine the available sun hours. If the panels need to be installed in any other direction, say southeast, this needs to be considered during system sizing and cannot be an afterthought. This information needs to be gathered cautiously and requires the solar to face specifically south.
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Off-grid systems need to use the worst-case scenarios to determine how to size a system properly.
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In addition, the orientation of the solar panels isn't as specific, allowing people to install the solar on their roofs no matter what direction they face. Grid-tied systems use annual averages to assess the available sun since the grid can compensate for winter deficits where the summer will produce more than the rest of the year. Let's look at the first fact:Ī solar sun hour is the unit of measurement used by solar companies when determining the available sun in a location.
Mastering these facts will better understand an off-grid solar system used for lighting or power. These facts will explain how the systems operate and provide information on why systems are sized the way they are, how to take into account variables like installation location and operation, and how to make sure you have a reliable system. We wanted to start the New Year off with some basic facts on solar LED lighting and off-grid solar power systems.
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